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Author: Admin | 2025-04-28
1 IntroductionErectile Dysfunction (ED), also known as insufficient penis erection which was defined as the inability to obtain or maintain a sufficient erect penis to complete sexual activity, is a traditional male dysfunction (1–3). The prevalence of ED varies across continents. In North America, particularly the United States, the prevalence of ED is well-documented. The Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) reported that approximately 52% of men aged 40-70 experience some degree of ED (4). In Europe, the prevalence of ED is similar to that in North America. The European Male Aging Study (EMAS) found that about 19% of men aged 40-79 experience moderate to severe ED, with prevalence increasing with age (5). In Asia, the prevalence of ED varies widely. In China, studies indicate that approximately 26% of men aged 40-70 experience ED (6). However, the prevalence is slightly lower in Japan, with about 10-20% of men affected. Data on ED in Africa is less comprehensive, but available studies suggest a prevalence of around 15-30% among men aged 40 and above. Factors such as limited healthcare access and chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension contribute to these figures (7). In Australia, the prevalence of ED is similar to that in other Western countries, with studies indicating that about 40% of men over 40 experience some form of ED (8). The prevalence increases with age, affecting up to 60% of men over 70. Globally, it is generally believed that the incidence of ED increases with the age of men (9, 10). The landmark Study called MMAS, conducted in 1994, provided a valuable insight: the prevalence of mild to moderate ED was 52% in men aged 40-70 years, while the incidence of severe (complete) ED increased rapidly from 5% to 15% with men aged (4). In fact, the true incidence of ED
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